"Zomera zambiri zamagulu ang'onoang'ono ndi zazing'ono ndipo zimatha pafupifupi matani 9 000 pachaka. Pambuyo pa vuto la kuchepa kwa ma pellet mu 2013 pomwe matani pafupifupi 29 000 okha adapangidwa, gawoli lawonetsa kukula kwakukulu kufikira matani 88 000 mchaka cha 2016 ndipo akuyembekezeka kufikira matani 290 000 pofika 2021".

Chile imapeza 23 peresenti ya mphamvu zake zoyambirira kuchokera ku biomass. Izi zikuphatikizapo nkhuni, mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri potenthetsera m'nyumba komanso okhudzana ndi kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya. M'zaka zaposachedwa, matekinoloje atsopano ndi mafuta oyeretsera komanso ogwira mtima kwambiri a biomass, monga ma pellets, akupita patsogolo pa liwiro labwino. Dr Laura Azocar, wofufuza pa yunivesite ya La Frontera, amapereka chidziwitso pazochitika komanso momwe misika yamakono ndi matekinoloje amagwirira ntchito ku Chile.

MALINGA NDI DR AZOCAR, kugwiritsa ntchito nkhuni ngati gwero lalikulu lamphamvu ndi gawo lina la Chile. Izi zikugwirizana ndi miyambo ndi chikhalidwe cha Chile, kuwonjezera pa kuchuluka kwa nkhalango, kukwera mtengo kwa mafuta oyaka, komanso nyengo yozizira komanso yamvula m'chigawo chapakati-kum'mwera.

Dziko lankhalango

Kuti timvetse mawuwa, tiyenera kutchula kuti panopa dziko la Chile lili ndi mahekitala 17.5 miliyoni a nkhalango: 82 peresenti ya nkhalango zachilengedwe, 17 peresenti (makamaka mitengo yapaini ndi bulugamu) ndi 1 peresenti yolima mosiyanasiyana.

Izi zatanthawuza kuti ngakhale kuti dziko likukula mofulumira, ndi ndalama zamakono za US $ 21 000 pachaka komanso moyo wa zaka 80, lidakali losatukuka kwambiri ponena za makina otenthetsera nyumba.

M'malo mwake, mwa mphamvu zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potenthetsera, 81 peresenti imachokera ku nkhuni, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pafupifupi mabanja 1.7 miliyoni ku Chile amagwiritsa ntchito mafutawa, zomwe zimafikira chaka chonse cha nkhuni zokwana 11.7 miliyoni.

Njira zina zogwirira ntchito

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa nkhuni kumalumikizidwanso ndi kuwonongeka kwa mpweya ku Chile. 56 peresenti ya anthu, kutanthauza kuti, pafupifupi anthu 10 miliyoni amakumana ndi 20 mg pa m³ ya zinthu (PM) zosakwana 2.5 pm (PM2.5).

Pafupifupi theka la PM2.5 iyi imachitika chifukwa chakupsa kwa nkhuni/Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo monga nkhuni zosauma bwino, chitofu chochepa mphamvu komanso kutsekeka bwino kwa nyumba. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale kuyaka kwa nkhuni kumaganiziridwa ngati kusalowerera ndale kwa carbon dioxide (C02), kuchepa kwa mphamvu kwa masitovu kumatanthauza kuti mpweya wa C02 wofanana ndi womwe umatulutsidwa ndi mafuta a palafini ndi gasi wamadzimadzi.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kuwonjezeka kwa maphunziro ku Chile kwachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zomwe zayamba kuwonetsa zofuna zokhudzana ndi kusunga cholowa chachilengedwe ndi kusamalira chilengedwe.

Pamodzi ndi zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, chitukuko chodziwika bwino cha kafukufuku ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito zapamwamba za anthu zathandiza kuti dziko lino lithe kuthana ndi mavutowa pofufuza matekinoloje atsopano ndi mafuta atsopano omwe akukumana ndi kufunikira komwe kulipo kwa kutentha kwa nyumba. Imodzi mwa njirazi zakhala kupanga ma pellets.

Sitovu yozimitsa

Chidwi chogwiritsa ntchito ma pellets ku Chile chinayambika cha m'ma 2009 panthawi yomwe kutumizidwa kwa ma pellet stoves ndi boilers kuchokera ku Ulaya kunayamba. Komabe, kukwera mtengo kogulitsira kunja kwakhala kovuta ndipo kutengeka kunali kochedwa.

Pofuna kufalitsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake, Unduna wa Zachilengedwe udakhazikitsa pulogalamu yosinthira chitofu ndi chowotcha m'chaka cha 2012 kumadera okhala ndi mafakitale, Chifukwa cha pulogalamu yosinthira iyi, mayunitsi opitilira 4,000 adakhazikitsidwa mchaka cha 2012, kuchuluka komwe kwachulukanso katatu. kuphatikizika ndi ena opanga zida zam'deralo.

Theka la masitovu ndi ma boiler awa amapezeka m'malo okhalamo, 28 peresenti m'mabungwe aboma komanso pafupifupi 22 peresenti m'mafakitale.

Osati mapepala amatabwa okha

Mapiritsi ku Chile amapangidwa makamaka kuchokera ku radiata pine (Pinus radiata), mtundu wamba wamba. Mu 2017, panali zomera 32 zamagulu osiyanasiyana zomwe zimagawidwa ku Central ndi Southern madera a dziko.

- Mitengo yambiri ya pellet ndi yaying'ono ndipo pafupifupi pachaka imatha pafupifupi matani 9 000. Pambuyo pa vuto la kuchepa kwa ma pellet mu 2013 pomwe matani pafupifupi 29 000 okha adapangidwa, gawoli lawonetsa kukula kwakukulu kufikira matani 88 000 mu 2016 ndipo akuyembekezeka kufika matani 190 000 pofika 2020, adatero Dr Azocar.

Ngakhale kuti nkhalango zachuluka, anthu a ku Chile "okhazikika" atsopanowa achititsa chidwi kwa amalonda ndi ofufuza pofufuza njira zina zopangira mafuta opangira mafuta. Pali ma National Research Center ndi mayunivesite ambiri omwe apanga kafukufuku mderali.

Ku yunivesite ya La Frontera, Waste and Bioenergy Management Center, yomwe ili m'gulu la BIOREN Scientific Nucleus ndipo ikugwirizana ndi Chemical Engineering Department, yapanga njira yowunikira kuti izindikire magwero a biomass omwe ali ndi mphamvu.

Mankhusu a hazelnut ndi udzu wa tirigu

Kafukufukuyu wapeza mankhusu a hazelnut ngati biomass yomwe ili ndi mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yoyaka moto. Kuphatikiza apo, udzu wa tirigu wadziwika chifukwa cha kupezeka kwake komanso kuwononga chilengedwe komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chizolowezi chowotcha udzu ndi ziputu. Tirigu ndi mbewu yaikulu ku Chile, yomwe imabzalidwa pa mahekitala 286 000 ndipo imatulutsa pafupifupi matani 1.8 miliyoni a udzu pachaka.

Pankhani ya mankhusu a hazelnut, ngakhale kuti biomass iyi ikhoza kuwotchedwa mwachindunji, kafukufuku wayang'ana kwambiri ntchito yake yopanga ma pellet. Chifukwa chake chagona pakukumana ndi vuto lopanga mafuta olimba a biomass omwe amagwirizana ndi zomwe zikuchitika mderali, pomwe mfundo zapagulu zapangitsa kuti m'malo mwa masitovu a nkhuni alowe m'malo mwa ma pellet stoves, kuti athane ndi zovuta zakuwonongeka kwa mpweya m'deralo.

Zotsatira zakhala zolimbikitsa, zomwe zapeza zoyambira zikuwonetsa kuti ma pellets awa angatsatire magawo okhazikitsidwa a pellets of woody origin malinga ndi ISO 17225-1 (2014).

Pankhani ya udzu wa tirigu, kuyesa kwa torrefaction kwachitika pofuna kukonza zina za biomass iyi monga kukula kosakhazikika, kutsika kwachulukidwe komanso kutsika kwa calorific, pakati pa ena.

Torrefaction, njira yotenthetsera yomwe imachitika pakatentha pang'ono pansi pa malo opanda mpweya, idakonzedwa makamaka kuti ikhale yotsalira yaulimi. Zotsatira zoyamba zikuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zosungidwa ndi calorie yotsika pazikhalidwe zogwirira ntchito zochepera 150 ℃.

Chomwe chimatchedwa pellet yakuda yopangidwa pamlingo woyendetsa ndi biomass yowombedwayi idadziwika molingana ndi European standard ISO 17225-1 (2014). Zotsatira zake zinali zabwino kwambiri, zomwe zidafika pakuwonjezeka kwa kachulukidwe kowoneka bwino kuchokera pa 469 kg pa m³ kufika pa 568 kg pa m³ chifukwa cha njira yopangira chithandizo chisanachitike.

Mavuto omwe akuyembekezeredwa ndi cholinga chofuna kupeza matekinoloje ochepetsera zomwe zili mu ma microelements mu mapepala a udzu wa tirigu kuti akwaniritse chinthu chomwe chingalowe mumsika wa dziko, kuthandiza kuthana ndi mavuto a chilengedwe omwe amakhudza dziko.